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History

Main article: History of Seattle

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Seattle.

Archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years.⁹ By the time the first European settlers arrived, the Duwamish people occupied at least 17 villages in the areas around Elliott Bay.¹⁰¹¹¹² The name for the modern city of Seattle in Lushootseed, dᶻidᶻəlal̓ič, meaning "little crossing-over place", comes from one of these villages, which was located at the present-day King Street Station.¹³¹⁴

In May 1792, George Vancouver was the first European to visit the Seattle area during his 1791–1795 expedition for the Royal Navy, which sought to chart the Pacific Northwest for the British.¹⁵

19th century

In 1851, a large party of American pioneers led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River; they formally claimed it on September 14, 1851.¹⁶ Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party.¹⁷ Members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28, 1851.¹⁸ The rest of the Denny Party set sail on the schooner Exact from Portland, Oregon, stopping in Astoria, and landed at Alki Point during a rainstorm on November 13, 1851.¹⁹ After a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square,²⁰ naming this new settlement Duwamps.²¹

Charles Terry and John Low remained at the original landing location, reestablished their old land claim and called it "New York", but renamed "New York Alki" in April 1853, from a Chinook word meaning, roughly, "by and by" or "someday".²²²³ For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, but in time Alki was abandoned and its residents moved across the bay to join the rest of the settlers.²⁴

David Swinson "Doc" Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Seattle (Lushootseed: siʔaɫ, anglicized as "Seattle"), chief of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.²⁵²⁶²⁷ The brief Puget Sound War culminated in the Battle of Seattle on January 26, 1856. The attack was repelled, and the settlement was never attacked again.²⁸

The name "Seattle" appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23, 1853, when the first plats for the village were filed. In 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14, 1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of trustees managing the city. The Town of Seattle was disincorporated on January 18, 1867, and remained a mere precinct of King County until late 1869, when a new petition was filed and the city was re-incorporated December 2, 1869, with a mayor–council government.²⁹³⁰ The corporate seal of the City of Seattle carries the date "1869" and a likeness of Chief Seattle in left profile.³¹ That same year, Seattle acquired the epithet of the "Queen City", a designation officially changed in 1982 to the "Emerald City".³²

Seattle has a history of boom-and-bust cycles, like many other cities near areas of extensive natural and mineral resources. Seattle has risen several times economically, then gone into precipitous decline, but it has typically used those periods to rebuild solid infrastructure.³³

The first such boom, covering the early years of the city, rode on the lumber industry. During this period the road now known as Yesler Way won the nickname "Skid Road", supposedly after the timber skidding down the hill to Henry Yesler's sawmill. The later dereliction of the area may be a possible origin for the term which later entered the wider American lexicon as Skid Row.³⁴ Like much of the U.S. West, Seattle experienced conflicts between labor and management and ethnic tensions that culminated in the anti-Chinese riots of 1885–1886.³⁵ This violence originated with unemployed whites who were determined to drive the Chinese from Seattle; anti-Chinese riots also occurred in Tacoma.

Seattle had achieved sufficient economic success when the Great Seattle Fire of 1889 destroyed the central business district. However, a far grander city center rapidly emerged in its place.³⁶ Finance company Washington Mutual, for example, was founded in the immediate wake of the fire.³⁷ The Panic of 1893 hit Seattle hard.³⁸

The second and most dramatic boom resulted from the Klondike Gold Rush, which ended the depression that had begun with the Panic of 1893. In a short time, Seattle became a major transportation center. On July 14, 1897, the S.S. Portland docked with its famed "ton of gold", and Seattle became the main transport and supply point for the miners in Alaska and the Yukon. Few of those working men found lasting wealth. However, it was Seattle's business of clothing the miners and feeding them salmon that panned out in the long run. Along with Seattle, other cities like Everett, Tacoma, Port Townsend, Bremerton, and Olympia, all in the Puget Sound region, became competitors for exchange, rather than mother lodes for extraction, of precious metals.³⁹

20th century

The boom lasted into the early part of the 20th century, and funded many new Seattle companies and products. In 1907, 19-year-old James E. Casey borrowed $100 from a friend and founded the American Messenger Company (later UPS). Other Seattle companies founded during this period include Nordstrom and Eddie Bauer.⁴⁰ Seattle brought in the Olmsted Brothers landscape architecture firm to design a system of parks and boulevards.⁴¹ The Gold Rush era culminated in the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition of 1909, which is largely responsible for the layout of today's University of Washington campus.⁴²

A shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during World War I, making Seattle somewhat of a company town. The subsequent retrenchment led to the Seattle General Strike of 1919, an early general strike in the country.⁴³ A 1912 city development plan by Virgil Bogue went largely unused. Seattle was mildly prosperous in the 1920s but was particularly hard hit in the Great Depression, experiencing some of the country's harshest labor strife in that era. Violence during the Maritime Strike of 1934 cost Seattle much of its maritime traffic, which was rerouted to the Port of Los Angeles.⁴⁴

Seattle was one of the major cities that benefited from programs such as the Works Progress Administration, CCC, Public Works Administration, and others.⁴⁵⁴⁶ The workers, mostly men, built roads, parks, dams, schools, railroads, bridges, docks, and even historical and archival record sites and buildings. Seattle faced significant unemployment, loss of lumber and construction industries as Los Angeles prevailed as the bigger West Coast city. Seattle had building contracts that rivaled New York City and Chicago, but also lost to Los Angeles. Seattle's eastern farm land faded due to Oregon's and the Midwest's, forcing people into town.⁴⁷⁴⁸

Hooverville arose during the Depression, leading to Seattle's growing homeless population. Stationed outside Seattle, the Hooverville housed thousands of men but very few children and no women. With work projects close to the city, Hooverville grew and the WPA settled into the city.⁴⁹

A movement of women arose from Seattle during the Great Depression, fueled in part by Eleanor Roosevelt's 1933 book It's Up to the Women; women pushed for recognition, not just as housewives, but as the backbone to family. Using newspapers and journals Working Woman and The Woman Today, women pushed to be seen as equal and receive some recognition.⁵⁰

The Great Depression did not impact the University of Washington negatively. As schools across Washington lost funding and attendance, the university actually prospered during the time period as they focused on growing their student enrollment. While Seattle public schools were influenced by Washington's superintendent Worth McClure,⁵¹ they still struggled to pay teachers and maintain attendance.⁵²

Seattle was the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. He went on to become one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Scottish-born architect B. Marcus Priteca designed several theaters for Pantages in Seattle, which were later demolished or converted to other uses. Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater.⁵³

War work again brought local prosperity during World War II, centered on the production of Boeing aircraft. The war dispersed the city's numerous Japanese-American businessmen due to the Japanese American internment. After the World War II, however, the local economy dipped. It rose again with Boeing's growing dominance in the commercial airliner market.⁵⁴ Seattle celebrated its restored prosperity and made a bid for world recognition with the Century 21 Exposition, the 1962 World's Fair, for which the Space Needle was built.⁵⁵

Another major local economic downturn was in the late 1960s and early 1970s, at a time when Boeing was heavily affected by the oil crises, loss of government contracts, and costs and delays associated with the Boeing 747. Many people left the area to look for work elsewhere, and two local real estate agents put up a billboard reading "Will the last person leaving Seattle – Turn out the lights."⁵⁶

Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001, when the company separated its headquarters from its major production facilities; the headquarters were moved to Chicago.⁵⁷ The Seattle area is still home to Boeing's Renton narrow-body plant and Everett wide-body plant.⁵⁸ The company's credit union for employees, BECU, remains based in the Seattle area and has been open to all residents of Washington since 2002.⁵⁹

On March 20, 1970, twenty-eight people were killed when the Ozark Hotel was burned by an unknown arsonist.⁶⁰ The Wah Mee massacre in 1983 resulted in the killing of 13 people in an illegal gambling club in the Seattle Chinatown-International District.⁶¹

The city's first coffeehouses were established in the late 1950s and grew over the following decades as espresso was introduced to the American market. On March 30, 1971, the first location for Starbucks Coffee opened at Pike Place Market in Downtown Seattle. The company initially sold coffee beans but later expanded into cafes.⁶²

Prosperity began to return in the 1980s beginning with Microsoft's 1979 move from Albuquerque, New Mexico, to nearby Bellevue, Washington.⁶³

Seattle and its suburbs became home to a number of technology companies, including Amazon, F5 Networks, RealNetworks, Nintendo of America, and T-Mobile.⁶⁴ This success brought an influx of new residents with a population increase within city limits of almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000,⁶⁵ and saw Seattle's real estate become some of the most expensive in the country.⁶⁶

Seattle in this period attracted attention as home to the companies opened operations in or around the city. In 1990, the Goodwill Games were held in the city.⁶⁷ Three years later, in 1993, the APEC leaders was hosted in Seattle.⁶⁸ The 1990s also witnessed a growing popularity in grunge music, a sound that was largely developed in Seattle's independent music scene.⁶⁹

In 1993, the movie Sleepless in Seattle brought the city further national attention,⁷⁰ as did the television sitcom Frasier. The dot-com boom caused a great frenzy among the technology companies in Seattle but the bubble ended in early 2001.⁷¹⁷²

In 1999, the World Trade Organization held its conference in Seattle, which was met with protest activity. The protests and police reactions to them largely overshadowed the conference itself.⁷³

21st century

In 2001, the city was impacted by the Mardi Gras Riots and then by the Nisqually earthquake the following day.⁷⁴

Another boom began as the city emerged from the Great Recession, commencing when Amazon moved its headquarters from North Beacon Hill to South Lake Union. The move initiated a historic construction boom which resulted in the completion of almost 10,000 apartments in Seattle in 2017, more than any previous year and nearly twice as many as were built in 2016.⁷⁵⁷⁶ By 2025, Seattle's new apartments had become the smallest in the U.S., with an average of 649 square feet (60.3 m2) among all unit types.⁷⁷

From 2010 to 2015, Seattle gained an average of 14,511 residents per year, with the growth strongly skewed toward the center of the city,⁷⁸ and unemployment dropped from roughly 9 percent to 3.6 percent.⁷⁹ The city has found itself "bursting at the seams", with over 45,000 households spending more than half their income on housing and at least 2,800 people homeless, and with the country's sixth-worst rush-hour traffic.⁸⁰ In response, many urbanist measures to improve transit, cycling,⁸¹ and housing affordability were passed by city council, the state, and voters.⁸²⁸³ These include Sound Transit 3, Seattle Prop 1A,⁸⁴ a "Downtown Activation Plan,"⁸⁵ and a new "One Seattle" Comprehensive Plan.⁸⁶

Geography

Topography

See also: Bodies of water of Seattle, List of neighborhoods in Seattle, and Regrading in Seattle

Seattle is located between the saltwater Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) to the west and Lake Washington to the east. The city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, is part of Puget Sound, making the city an oceanic port. To the west, beyond Puget Sound, are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula; to the east, beyond Lake Washington and the Eastside suburbs, are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range. Lake Washington's waters flow to Puget Sound through the Lake Washington Ship Canal (consisting of two man-made canals, Lake Union, and the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks at Salmon Bay, ending in Shilshole Bay on Puget Sound).

The sea, rivers, forests, lakes, and fields surrounding Seattle were once rich enough to support one of the world's few sedentary hunter-gatherer societies. In modern times the surrounding area lends itself well to sailing, skiing, bicycling, camping, and hiking year-round.⁸⁷⁸⁸

The city is hilly in some places.⁸⁹ Like Rome, the city is said to lie on seven hills;⁹⁰ the lists vary but typically include Capitol Hill, First Hill, West Seattle, Beacon Hill, Queen Anne, Magnolia, and the former Denny Hill. The Wallingford, Delridge, Mount Baker, Seward Park, Washington Park, Broadmoor, Madrona, Phinney Ridge, Sunset Hill, Blue Ridge, Broadview, Laurelhurst, Hawthorne Hills, Maple Leaf, and Crown Hill neighborhoods are all located on hills. Many of the hilliest areas are near the city center, with Capitol Hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill collectively constituting something of a ridge along an isthmus between Elliott Bay and Lake Washington.⁹¹ The break in the ridge between First Hill and Beacon Hill is man-made, a result of two of the many regrading projects that reshaped the topography of the city center.⁹² The topography of the city center was also changed by the construction of a seawall and the artificial Harbor Island (completed 1909) at the mouth of the city's industrial Duwamish Waterway, the terminus of the Green River. The highest point within city limits, 520 feet (160 m) above sea level, is at Myrtle Reservoir Park in the High Point neighborhood of West Seattle.⁹³

North of the city center, the Lake Washington Ship Canal connects Puget Sound to Lake Washington. It incorporates four natural bodies of water: Lake Union, Salmon Bay, Portage Bay, and Union Bay.⁹⁴

Due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire, Seattle is in a major earthquake zone. On February 28, 2001, the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually earthquake did significant architectural damage, especially in the Pioneer Square area (built on reclaimed land, as are the Industrial District and part of the city center), and caused one fatality.⁹⁵ Other strong earthquakes occurred on January 26, 1700 (estimated at 9 magnitude), December 14, 1872 (7.3 or 7.4),⁹⁶ April 13, 1949 (7.1),⁹⁷ and April 29, 1965 (6.5).⁹⁸ The 1965 quake caused three deaths in Seattle directly and one more by heart failure.⁹⁹ Although the Seattle Fault passes just south of the city center, neither it¹⁰⁰ nor the Cascadia subduction zone has caused an earthquake since the city's founding. The Cascadia subduction zone poses the threat of an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or greater, capable of seriously damaging the city and collapsing many buildings, especially in zones built on fill.¹⁰¹

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 142.5 square miles (369 km2),¹⁰² 84 square miles (220 km2) of which is land and 58.1 square miles (150 km2) is water (41% of the total area).¹⁰³

Cityscape

Further information: List of tallest buildings in Seattle and Architecture of Seattle

Climate

Main article: Climate of Seattle

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Seattle has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb),^104105106 while under the Trewartha system, it is labeled an oceanic climate (Dobk).¹⁰⁷¹⁰⁸ It has cool, wet winters and mild, relatively dry summers, covering characteristics of both climate types.¹⁰⁹¹¹⁰ The climate is sometimes characterized as a "modified Mediterranean" climate because it is cooler and wetter than a "true" Mediterranean climate, but shares the characteristic dry summer (which has a strong influence on the region's vegetation).¹¹¹

Temperature extremes are moderated by the adjacent Puget Sound, greater Pacific Ocean, and Lake Washington. Thus extreme heat waves are rare in the Seattle area, as are very cold temperatures (below about 15 °F; −9 °C). The Seattle area is the cloudiest region of the Continental United States, due in part to frequent storms and lows moving in from the adjacent Pacific Ocean. Seattle is cloudy 201 days out of the year and partly cloudy 93 days.¹¹² With many more "rain days" than other major American cities, Seattle has a well-earned reputation for frequent rain:¹¹³ In an average year, there are 150 days in which at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of precipitation falls, more days than in nearly all U.S. cities east of the Rocky Mountains.¹¹⁴ However, because it often has merely a light drizzle falling from the sky for many days, Seattle actually receives significantly less rainfall (or other precipitation) overall than many other major U.S. cities like New York City, Miami, or Houston.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Seattle

According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey (ACS), the racial makeup of the city was 65.7% White Non-Hispanic, 16.9% Asian, 6.8% Black or African American, 6.6% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 0.4% Native American, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 0.2% other races, and 5.6% two or more races.¹²¹

Seattle's population historically has been predominantly white.¹³³ The 2010 census showed that Seattle was one of the whitest big cities in the country, although its proportion of white residents has been gradually declining.¹³⁴ In 1960, whites constituted 91.6% of the city's population,¹³⁵ while in 2010 they constituted 69.5%.¹³⁶¹³⁷ According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, approximately 78.9% of residents over the age of five spoke only English at home. Those who spoke Asian languages other than Indo-European languages made up 10.2% of the population, Spanish was spoken by 4.5% of the population, speakers of other Indo-European languages made up 3.9%, and speakers of other languages made up 2.5%.

Seattle's foreign-born population grew 40% between the 1990 and 2000 censuses.¹³⁸ The Chinese population in the Seattle area has origins in mainland China, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, and Taiwan. The earliest Chinese-Americans that came in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were almost entirely from Guangdong Province. The Seattle area is also home to a large Vietnamese population of more than 55,000 residents,¹³⁹ as well as over 30,000 Somali immigrants.¹⁴⁰ The Seattle-Tacoma area is also home to one of the largest Cambodian communities in the United States, numbering about 19,000 Cambodian Americans,¹⁴¹ and one of the largest Samoan communities in the mainland U.S., with over 15,000 people having Samoan ancestry.¹⁴²¹⁴³ Additionally, the Seattle area had the highest percentage of self-identified mixed-race people of any large metropolitan area in the United States, according to the 2000 United States Census Bureau.¹⁴⁴ According to a 2012 HistoryLink study, Seattle's 98118 ZIP code (in the Columbia City neighborhood) was one of the most diverse ZIP Code Tabulation Areas in the United States.¹⁴⁵

According to the ACS 1-year estimates, in 2018, the median income of a city household was $93,481, and the median income for a family was $130,656.¹⁴⁶ 11.0% of the population and 6.6% of families were below the poverty line. Of people living in poverty, 11.4% were under the age of 18 and 10.9% were 65 or older.¹⁴⁷ According to a 2024 study by Henley & Partners, the city of Seattle has an estimated 54,200 millionaires and 11 billionaires.¹⁴⁸

It is estimated that King County has 8,000 homeless people on any given night, and many of those live in Seattle.¹⁴⁹ In September 2005, King County adopted a "Ten-Year Plan to End Homelessness", one of the near-term results of which is a shift of funding from homeless shelter beds to permanent housing.¹⁵⁰

In recent years, the city has experienced steady population growth, and has been faced with the issue of accommodating more residents. In 2006, after growing by 4,000 citizens per year for the previous 16 years, regional planners expected the population of Seattle to grow by 200,000 people by 2040.¹⁵¹ However, former mayor Greg Nickels supported plans that would increase the population by 60%, or 350,000 people, by 2040 and worked on ways to accommodate this growth while keeping Seattle's single-family housing zoning laws.¹⁵² The Seattle City Council later voted to relax height limits on buildings in the greater part of Downtown, partly with the aim to increase residential density in the city center.¹⁵³ As a sign of increasing downtown core growth, the Downtown population crested to over 60,000 in 2009, up 77% since 1990.¹⁵⁴

In 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Seattle experienced its first population decline in 50 years.¹⁵⁵ However, this was followed by five straight years of population growth that exceeded 2% per year. According to state estimates, Seattle surpassed 800,000 residents in 2025.¹⁵⁶

Seattle has a relatively high number of adults living alone. According to the 2000 U.S. Census interim measurements of 2004, Seattle has the fifth highest proportion of single-person households nationwide among cities of 100,000 or more residents, at 40.8%.¹⁵⁷

Sexual orientation and gender identity

See also: History of the LGBTQ community in Seattle, LGBT culture in Seattle, and Seattle Pride

Seattle has a notably large lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. According to a 2006 study by UCLA, 12.9% of city residents polled identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. This was the second-highest proportion of any major U.S. city, behind San Francisco.¹⁵⁸ Greater Seattle also ranked second among major U.S. metropolitan areas, with 6.5% of the population identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.¹⁵⁹ According to 2012 estimates from the United States Census Bureau, Seattle has the highest percentage of same-sex households in the United States, at 2.6 percent, surpassing San Francisco (2.5 percent).¹⁶⁰ The Capitol Hill district has been the center of LGBTQ culture in Seattle¹⁶¹ since the 1970s. Before then, the Pioneer Square district was the city's hub of LGBTQ community.¹⁶²

Economy

See also: List of companies based in Seattle

Seattle's economy is driven by a mix of older industrial companies and new-economy internet and technology companies, as well as service, design, and clean technology companies. The city's gross metropolitan product (GMP) was $231 billion in 2010, making it the 11th-largest metropolitan economy in the United States.¹⁶³¹⁶⁴ The Port of Seattle, which also operates Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, is a major gateway for trade with Asia and cruises to Alaska. It also is the 8th-largest port in the United States when measured by container capacity. Its maritime cargo operations merged with the Port of Tacoma in 2015 to form the Northwest Seaport Alliance.¹⁶⁵¹⁶⁶

Although it was impacted by the Great Recession, Seattle has retained a comparatively strong economy, and is noted for start-up businesses, especially in green building and clean technologies.¹⁶⁷ In February 2010, the city government committed Seattle to become North America's first "climate neutral" city, with a goal of reaching net-zero per-capita greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.¹⁶⁸

Large companies continue to dominate the business landscape. Seven companies on Fortune 500's 2022 list of the United States' largest companies (based on total revenue) are headquartered in Seattle: Internet retailer Amazon (#2), coffee chain Starbucks (#120), freight forwarder Expeditors International of Washington (#225), department store Nordstrom (#245), forest products company Weyerhaeuser (#354), online travel company Expedia Group (#404), and real-estate tech company Zillow (#424) .¹⁶⁹ Other Fortune 500 companies commonly associated with Seattle are based in nearby Puget Sound cities. Warehouse club chain Costco (#11), the largest retail company in Washington, is based in Issaquah. Microsoft (#14) is located in Redmond. Furthermore, Bellevue is home to truck manufacturer Paccar (#151).¹⁷⁰ Other major companies headquartered in the area include Nintendo of America in Redmond, T-Mobile US in Bellevue, and Providence Health & Services (the state's largest health care system and fifth-largest employer) in Renton. The city has a reputation for heavy coffee consumption;¹⁷¹ coffee companies founded or based in Seattle include Starbucks,¹⁷² Seattle's Best Coffee,¹⁷³ and Tully's.¹⁷⁴ There are also many successful independent artisanal espresso roasters and cafés.¹⁷⁵[needs update]

Before moving its headquarters to Chicago and then ultimately Arlington County, Virginia, aerospace manufacturer Boeing (#60) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, is still headquartered within the Puget Sound region.¹⁷⁶¹⁷⁷ The company also has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton; it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area.¹⁷⁸ In 2006 former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies Corixa (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline), Immunex (now part of Amgen), Trubion, and ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc., the holding company of billionaire Paul Allen, is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the Seattle City Council for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense.¹⁷⁹ In 2005, Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels.¹⁸⁰ Owing largely to the rapidly increasing cost of living, Seattle and Washington State have some of the highest minimum wages in the country, at $15 per hour for smaller businesses and $16 for the city's largest employers.¹⁸¹

Operating a hub at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, Alaska Airlines maintains its headquarters in the city of SeaTac, next to the airport.¹⁸² Seattle is a hub for global health with the headquarters of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, PATH (global health organization), Infectious Disease Research Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. In 2015, the Washington Global Health Alliance counted 168 global health organizations in Washington state. Many are headquartered in Seattle.¹⁸³

Culture

Many of Seattle's neighborhoods host one or more street fairs or parades.¹⁸⁴

Performing arts

Main articles: Arts in Seattle and Music of Seattle

See also: List of musicians from Seattle and List of songs about Seattle

Seattle has been a regional center for the performing arts for many years. The century-old Seattle Symphony Orchestra has won many awards and performs primarily at Benaroya Hall.¹⁸⁵ The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet, which perform at McCaw Hall (opened in 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center), are comparably distinguished,¹⁸⁶¹⁸⁷ with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner¹⁸⁸¹⁸⁹ and the PNB School (founded in 1974) ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States.¹⁹⁰ The Seattle Youth Symphony Orchestras (SYSO) is the largest symphonic youth organization in the United States.¹⁹¹ The city also boasts lauded summer and winter chamber music festivals organized by the Seattle Chamber Music Society.¹⁹²

The 5th Avenue Theatre, built in 1926, stages Broadway-style musical shows¹⁹³ featuring both local talent and international stars.¹⁹⁴ Seattle has "around 100" theatrical production companies¹⁹⁵ and over two dozen live theatre venues, many of them associated with fringe theatre;¹⁹⁶¹⁹⁷ Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of equity theaters¹⁹⁸ (28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of Actors' Equity contract).¹⁹⁹ In addition, the 900-seat Romanesque Revival Town Hall on First Hill hosts numerous cultural events, especially lectures and recitals.²⁰⁰

Between 1918 and 1951, there were nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs along Jackson Street, running from the current Chinatown/International District to the Central District. The jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Bumps Blackwell, Ernestine Anderson, and others.²⁰¹

Early popular musical acts from the Seattle/Puget Sound area include the collegiate folk group The Brothers Four, vocal group The Fleetwoods, 1960s garage rockers The Wailers and The Sonics, and instrumental surf group The Ventures, some of whom are still active.²⁰²

Seattle is considered the home of grunge music,²⁰³ having produced artists such as Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, and Mudhoney, all of whom reached international audiences in the early 1990s.²⁰⁴ The city is also home to such varied artists as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz, hot jazz musician Glenn Crytzer, hip hop artists Sir Mix-a-Lot, Macklemore, Blue Scholars, and Shabazz Palaces, smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G, classic rock staples Heart and Queensrÿche, and alternative rock bands such as Foo Fighters, Harvey Danger, The Presidents of the United States of America, The Posies, Modest Mouse, Band of Horses, Death Cab for Cutie, and Fleet Foxes. Rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix, Duff McKagan, and Nikki Sixx spent their formative years in Seattle.

The Seattle-based Sub Pop record company continues to be one of the world's best-known independent/alternative music labels.²⁰⁵ Seattle is known for its live-music venues including The Crocodile, Vito's and Columbia City Theater.²⁰⁶ Over the years, a number of songs have been written about Seattle.

Seattle annually sends a team of spoken word slammers to the National Poetry Slam and considers itself home to such performance poets as Buddy Wakefield, two-time Individual World Poetry Slam Champ;²⁰⁷ Anis Mojgani, two-time National Poetry Slam Champ;²⁰⁸ and Danny Sherrard, 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ.²⁰⁹ Seattle also hosted the 2001 national Poetry Slam Tournament. The Seattle Poetry Festival is a biennial poetry festival that (launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997) has featured local, regional, national, and international names in poetry.²¹⁰

The city also has movie houses showing both Hollywood productions and works by independent filmmakers.²¹¹ Among these, the Seattle Cinerama stands out as one of only three movie theaters in the world still capable of showing three-panel Cinerama films.²¹²

Tourism

See also: List of museums in Seattle

Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival,²¹³ Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout July and August (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations.^214215216217

Other significant events include numerous Native American pow-wows, a Greek Festival hosted by St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church in Montlake, and numerous ethnic festivals (many associated with Festál at Seattle Center).²¹⁸

There are other annual events, ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show;²¹⁹ an anime convention, Sakura-Con;²²⁰ Penny Arcade Expo, a gaming convention;²²¹ a two-day, 9,000-rider Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic;²²² and specialized film festivals, such as the Maelstrom International Fantastic Film Festival, the Seattle Asian American Film Festival, Children's Film Festival Seattle, Translation: the Seattle Transgender Film Festival, the Seattle Queer Film Festival, Seattle Latino Film Festival, and the Seattle Polish Film Festival.²²³²²⁴

The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington.²²⁵ The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933 and moved to their current downtown location in 1991 (expanded and reopened in 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM).²²⁶ SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park (opened in 2007) on the waterfront north of the downtown piers.²²⁷ The Frye Art Museum is a free museum on First Hill.²²⁸

Regional history collections are at the Log House Museum in Alki, Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, the Museum of History and Industry, and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Industry collections are at the Center for Wooden Boats and the adjacent Northwest Seaport, and the Museum of Flight. Regional ethnic collections include the National Nordic Museum, the Wing Luke Asian Museum, and the Northwest African American Museum. Seattle has artist-run galleries,²²⁹ including ten-year veteran Soil Art Gallery,²³⁰ and the newer Crawl Space Gallery.²³¹

The Seattle Great Wheel, one of the largest Ferris wheels in the US, opened in June 2012 as a new, permanent attraction on the city's waterfront, at Pier 57, next to Downtown Seattle.²³² The Seattle Aquarium opened on the downtown waterfront in 1977 and was expanded in 2007 with an auditorium, gift shop, and cafe alongside new exhibit spaces. A new, three-story building under the Overlook Walk opened in 2024 with tropical exhibits and a 500,000-US-gallon (1,900,000 L) tank with sharks and rays from the Coral Triangle region of Southeast Asia.²³³²³⁴

Woodland Park Zoo opened as a private menagerie in 1889 but was sold to the city in 1899.²³⁵ The city also has many community centers for recreation, including Rainier Beach, Van Asselt, Rainier, and Jefferson south of the Ship Canal and Green Lake, Laurelhurst, Loyal Heights north of the Canal, and Meadowbrook.²³⁶ The Seattle Underground Tour is an exhibit of places that existed before the Great Fire and subsequent rebuilding of modern-day Pioneer Square, which raised the street level.²³⁷

Since the mid-1990s, Seattle has experienced significant growth in the cruise industry, especially as a departure point for Alaska cruises. In 2023, a record total of 907,572 cruise passengers passed through the city, surpassing the number for Vancouver, BC, the other major departure point for Alaska cruises.²³⁸ New tourist industries, such as guided tours and amphibious tours also emerged during the 1990s.²³⁹

Libraries

Main article: Seattle Public Library

The Seattle Public Library system consists of 27 branches with a combined total of 3,119,298 items as of 2023.²⁴⁰ The library was founded as part of the city government in 1890, though previous efforts to establish one date back to 1868; it first opened in 1891 and moved into a permanent location, a mansion once owned by Seattle pioneer Henry Yesler, in 1899.²⁴¹ The mansion burned down in 1901 along with most of the 33,000 books then in the library's collection, resulting in the construction of a Carnegie library building in 1906; eventually known as the Seattle Central Library, the building was replaced in 1960 with an International Style design and again in 2004 with a design by Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas.²⁴²²⁴³

Religion

See also: List of places of worship in Seattle

A 2024 Household Pulse Survey from the United States Census Bureau estimated that 64 percent of adults in the Seattle area never attend religious services or attend less than once a year, the highest percentage among large U.S. metropolitan areas.²⁴⁴

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, the largest religious groupings are Christians (52%), followed by those of no religion (37%), Hindus (2%), Buddhists (2%), Jews (1%), Muslims (1%) and a variety of other religions have smaller followings.²⁴⁵ According to the same study by the Pew Research Center, about 34% of Seattleites are Protestant, and 15% are Roman Catholic. Meanwhile, 6% of the residents in Seattle call themselves agnostics, while 10% call themselves atheists.²⁴⁶²⁴⁷

Sports

Main article: Sports in Seattle

See also: History of professional soccer in Seattle

Seattle has four major men's professional sports teams: the National Football League (NFL)'s Seattle Seahawks, Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Seattle Mariners, the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Seattle Kraken, and Major League Soccer (MLS)'s Seattle Sounders FC. Other professional sports teams include the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)'s Seattle Storm, the National Women's Soccer League's Seattle Reign FC; and Major League Rugby (MLR)'s Seattle Seawolves.

Seattle's professional sports history began at the start of the 20th century with the PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans, which in 1917 became the first American hockey team to win the Stanley Cup.²⁵⁶ In 1969, Seattle was awarded a Major League Baseball franchise, the Seattle Pilots. Based at Sick's Stadium in Mount Baker, home to Seattle's former minor-league teams, the Pilots played in Seattle for one season before relocating to Milwaukee and becoming the Milwaukee Brewers.²⁵⁷ The city, alongside the county and state governments, sued the league and was offered a second expansion team, later named the Seattle Mariners, as settlement.²⁵⁸

The Mariners began play in 1977 at the multi-purpose Kingdome, where the team struggled for most of its time. Relative success in the mid-to-late 1990s saved the team from being relocated and allowed them to move to a purpose-built baseball stadium, T-Mobile Park (formerly Safeco Field), in 1999.²⁵⁹²⁶⁰ The Mariners have never reached a World Series and only appeared in the MLB playoffs five times, mostly between 1995 and 2001, but had Hall of Fame players and candidates like Ken Griffey Jr., Randy Johnson, Ichiro Suzuki, and Alex Rodriguez.²⁶¹ The team tied the all-time MLB single regular season wins record in 2001 with 116 wins.²⁶² From 2001 to 2022, the Mariners failed to qualify for the playoffs—the longest active postseason drought in major North American sports, at 20 seasons.²⁶³

The Seattle Seahawks entered the National Football League in 1976 as an expansion team and have advanced to the Super Bowl three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014.²⁶⁴ The team played in the Kingdome until it was imploded in 2000 and moved into Qwest Field (now Lumen Field) at the same site in 2003.²⁶⁵ The Seahawks lost Super Bowl XL in 2005 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Detroit, but won Super Bowl XLVIII in 2013 by defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 at MetLife Stadium. The team advanced to the Super Bowl the following year, but lost to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX on a last-minute play.²⁶⁶ Seahawks fans have set stadium noise records on several occasions and are collectively known as the "12th Man".²⁶⁷²⁶⁸

Seattle Sounders FC has played in Major League Soccer since 2009, as the latest continuation of the original 1974 Sounders team of the North American Soccer League after an incarnation in the lower divisions of American soccer.²⁶⁹ Sharing Lumen Field with the Seahawks, the team set various attendance records in its first few MLS seasons, averaging over 43,000 per match and placing themselves among the top 30 teams internationally.²⁷⁰²⁷¹ The Sounders have won the MLS Supporters' Shield in 2014²⁷² and the U.S. Open Cup on four occasions: 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2014.²⁷³ The Sounders won the first of their two MLS Cup titles in 2016, defeating Toronto FC 5–4 in a penalty shootout in Toronto,²⁷⁴ before finishing as runners-up in a rematch against Toronto in MLS Cup 2017. In 2019 the Sounders made their first-ever home-field appearance in MLS Cup, once again against Toronto FC, and won the game 3–1 to earn their second MLS Cup title in front of a club-record attendance of 69,274.²⁷⁵ The stadium also hosted the second leg of the 2022 CONCACAF Champions League Final, played in front of 68,741 to break the tournament attendance record. The Sounders became the first MLS team to win a continental title since 2000 and the first to win the modern Champions League.²⁷⁶

Seattle's Major League Rugby team, the Seattle Seawolves, play in nearby Tukwila at the Starfire Sports Complex, a small stadium that is also used by the Sounders for their U.S. Open Cup matches.²⁷⁷ The team began play in 2018 and won the league's inaugural championship.²⁷⁸ They successfully defended their title in the 2019 season and finished as runners-up in the 2022 championship game.²⁷⁹²⁸⁰

From 1967 to 2008, Seattle was home to the Seattle SuperSonics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). A frequent playoff participant, the Sonics were the 1978–79 NBA champions, and also contended for the championship in 1978 and 1996. Following a team sale in 2006, a failed effort to replace the aging KeyArena, and settlement of a lawsuit to hold the team to the final two years of its lease with the city, the SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Oklahoma City Thunder ahead of the 2008–09 season.²⁸¹²⁸² An effort in 2013 to purchase the Sacramento Kings franchise and relocate it to Seattle as a resurrected Sonics squad was denied by the NBA board of governors.²⁸³

The Seattle Storm of the Women's National Basketball Association have also played their games at KeyArena (now Climate Pledge Arena) since their foundation in 2000. The WNBA granted Seattle their expansion side following the popularity of the recently folded Seattle Reign, a women's professional basketball team that played from 1996 to 1998 in the rival American Basketball League.²⁸⁴ The Storm began as a sister team to the now-defunct Sonics of the NBA, but sold to separate Seattle-based ownership in 2006. Tied for the league record, the Storm have claimed the WNBA championship on four occasions, winning in 2004, 2010, 2018, and 2020.²⁸⁵²⁸⁶ The team also won the first-ever WNBA Commissioner's Cup in 2021.

The Seattle Thunderbirds hockey team has represented Seattle in the Canadian major-junior Western Hockey League since 1977. Originally playing in Mercer Arena and the Seattle Center Coliseum (which had hosted previous minor-league hockey teams), the Thunderbirds have been based at the ShoWare Center in the suburb of Kent since 2007, and have won one WHL championship in 2017.²⁸⁷ In 1974, Seattle was awarded a conditional expansion franchise in the National Hockey League; however, this opportunity did not come to fruition. In 2018, a new Seattle-based group successfully applied for an expansion team in the NHL, which was named the Seattle Kraken and began play in 2021.^288289290 The SuperSonics' former home arena, KeyArena (now Climate Pledge Arena), underwent major renovations from 2018 to 2021 to accommodate the new NHL team.²⁹¹ The NHL ownership group reached its goal of 10,000 deposits within 12 minutes of opening a ticket drive, which later increased to 25,000 in 75 minutes.²⁹²

Seattle Reign FC,²⁹³ a founding member of the National Women's Soccer League, was founded in 2012, holding their home games in Seattle from 2014 to 2018 and again since 2022. The team name was chosen to honor the defunct women's basketball team of the same name.²⁹⁴ The club played at the Starfire Sports Complex in nearby Tukwila for the league's inaugural 2013 season before moving to Seattle Center's Memorial Stadium in 2014. Under new management, the team moved to Tacoma's Cheney Stadium in 2019, before moving to Seattle's Lumen Field in 2022.²⁹⁵ In 2020, OL Groupe, the parent company of French clubs Olympique Lyonnais and Olympique Lyonnais Féminin, became the team's majority owner and rebranded the club as OL Reign.²⁹⁶ The Seattle Reign name was restored in 2024.²⁹⁷

Seattle has also been home to various minor-league professional teams, of which currently Ballard FC and West Seattle Junction FC of USL League 2 in soccer remain. Representing the Seattle neighborhood of Ballard, Ballard FC was founded in 2022 as an independent, semi-professional soccer team in the fourth-division USL League 2. The team is owned by a group led by former Sounders player Lamar Neagle and won its first national title in 2023. Ballard FC's primary home is the 1,000-seat Interbay Soccer Stadium (also home to Seattle Pacific University's and Ballard High School's soccer teams), but during that field's renovations in the 2024 season, Ballard will play out of Memorial Stadium at the Seattle Center.²⁹⁸²⁹⁹ West Seattle Junction FC, representing the neighborhood of West Seattle, joined USL League 2 during the 2024 season.³⁰⁰

The short-lived Seattle Sea Dragons, originally the Dragons, of the XFL played at Lumen Field in the league's inaugural season in 2020 prior to its suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic.³⁰¹ The Sea Dragons returned alongside the XFL in 2023 after the league's re-launch under new ownership.³⁰² The team folded prior to the 2024 season during the XFL's merger with the United States Football League to form the United Football League.³⁰³

Seattle also boasts two collegiate sports teams based at the University of Washington and Seattle University, both competing in NCAA Division I for various sports.³⁰⁴ The University of Washington's athletic program, nicknamed the Huskies, competes in the Big Ten Conference, and Seattle University's athletic program, nicknamed the Redhawks, mostly competes in the Western Athletic Conference. The Huskies teams use several facilities, including the 70,000-seat Husky Stadium for football and the Hec Edmundson Pavilion for basketball and volleyball.³⁰⁵³⁰⁶ The two schools have basketball and soccer teams that compete against each other in non-conference games and have formed a local rivalry due to their sporting success.³⁰⁷

The Major League Baseball All-Star Game has been held in Seattle three times, once at the Kingdome in 1979, and twice at T-Mobile Park in 2001 and 2023.³⁰⁸ The NBA All-Star Game was also held in Seattle twice: the first in 1974 at the Seattle Center Coliseum and the second in 1987 at the Kingdome.³⁰⁹ Lumen Field hosted MLS Cup 2009, played between Real Salt Lake and the Los Angeles Galaxy, as a neutral site in front of 46,011 spectators.³¹⁰ Seattle will be one of eleven US host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, with matches played at Lumen Field and training facilities at Longacres in Renton, Washington.³¹¹

Parks and recreation

See also: List of parks in Seattle and Seattle Parks and Recreation

Seattle's mild, temperate marine climate allows year-round outdoor recreation, including walking, cycling, hiking, skiing, snowboarding, kayaking, rock climbing, motorboating, sailing, team sports, and swimming.³¹² The city parks system encompasses 485 parks, shorelines, and preserved spaces that total 6,500 acres (2,600 ha)—12 percent of the land area of Seattle. These city-owned facilities include 25 miles (40 km) of boulevards and 120 miles (190 km) of walking and hiking trails, athletic fields, swimming pools, community centers, bathhouses, and performance spaces.³¹³ The Trust for Public Land ranked Seattle eighth in the United States among municipal parks systems in 2023 and estimates that 99 percent of residents live within a 1⁄2-mile (0.8 km) of a park.³¹⁴

The largest park in the city is Discovery Park, which includes 534 acres (2.16 km2) of forestland and saltwater beaches along the bluffs in Magnolia.³¹⁵ Among the most popular Seattle parks are Green Lake, which is ringed by a walking trail; Alki Beach Park on the southwest side of Elliott Bay; Myrtle Edwards Park near the downtown waterfront; Volunteer Park on Capitol Hill; and Seward Park on Lake Washington.³¹⁶ Several city parks include panoramic views of the Seattle skyline, including Kerry Park on Queen Anne Hill and Gas Works Park in Wallingford, which features the preserved superstructure of a coal gasification plant closed in 1956.³¹⁷

Seattle has a network of recreational and commuting trails for cyclists and pedestrians, mainly repurposed from disused railroads or built alongside regional highways. The Burke–Gilman Trail, which travels for 27 miles (43 km) along the Ship Canal and Lake Washington between Ballard and Bothell, first opened in 1978 on a former railroad.³¹⁸ The Mountains to Sound Trail connects the Interstate 90 corridor, including the north side of the Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge, and is planned to be extended to Snoqualmie.³¹⁹ Other non-motorized paths include the Overlook Walk, which opened in 2024 to connect Pike Place Market to the downtown waterfront via a set of overpasses that integrate with an expansion of the Seattle Aquarium.³²⁰ Also popular among Seattle residents are hikes and skiing in the nearby Cascade or Olympic Mountains and kayaking and sailing in the region's waterways.³²¹[better source needed]

Government and politics

Main articles: Government and politics of Seattle, Mayor of Seattle, and Seattle City Council

Seattle is a charter city, with a mayor–council form of government. From 1911 to 2013, Seattle's nine city councillors were elected at large, rather than by geographic subdivisions.³²² For the 2015 election, this changed to a hybrid system of seven district members and two at-large members as a result of a ballot measure passed on November 5, 2013. The only other elected offices are the city attorney and Municipal Court judges. All city offices are officially non-partisan.³²³ Like some other parts of the United States, government and laws are also run by a series of ballot initiatives (allowing citizens to pass or reject laws), referendums (allowing citizens to approve or reject legislation already passed), and propositions (allowing specific government agencies to propose new laws or tax increases directly to the people).³²⁴

Seattle is widely considered one of the most socially liberal cities in the United States.³²⁵ In the 2012 U.S. general election, a majority of Seattleites voted to approve Referendum 74 and legalize gay marriage in Washington state.³²⁶ In the same election, an overwhelming majority of Seattleites also voted to approve the legalization of the recreational use of cannabis in the state.³²⁷ Like much of the Pacific Northwest (which has the lowest rate of church attendance in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of atheism³²⁸³²⁹), church attendance, religious belief, and political influence of religious leaders are much lower than in other parts of America.³³⁰ Seattle's political culture is very liberal and progressive for the United States, with over 80% of the population voting for the Democratic Party. All precincts in Seattle voted for Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election.³³¹ In partisan elections for the Washington State Legislature and United States Congress, nearly all elections are won by Democrats. Although local elections are nonpartisan, most of the city's elected officials are known to be Democrats, the most notable exception being Seattle City Attorney Ann Davison.

In 1926, Seattle became the first major American city to elect a female mayor, Bertha Knight Landes.³³² It has also elected an openly gay mayor, Ed Murray,³³³ and a third-party socialist councillor, Kshama Sawant.³³⁴ For the first time in United States history, an openly gay black woman was elected to public office when Sherry Harris was elected as a Seattle city councilor in 1991.³³⁵³³⁶ In 2015, the majority of the city council was female.³³⁷

Bruce Harrell was elected as mayor in the 2021 mayoral election, succeeding Jenny Durkan, and took office on January 1, 2022. The mayor's office also includes three deputy mayors, appointed to advise the mayor on policies.

In 2023, the city council voted to ban caste discrimination as part of the city's anti-discrimination laws. The ban is the first in the United States.³³⁸

Seattle lies within four districts on the King County Council: the 1st district includes the northeastern corner of the city; the 2nd district generally covers areas east of Interstate 5 and south of Northeast 65th Street; the 4th district consists of the northwestern neighborhoods of Ballard, Fremont, Magnolia, and Queen Anne; and the 8th district includes Downtown Seattle, First Hill, SODO, and West Seattle.³³⁹ At the state level, Seattle is divided into six districts that each have one state senator and two state representatives.³⁴⁰³⁴¹

Federally, Seattle is split between two congressional districts. Most of the city is in 7th congressional district,³⁴² represented by Democrat Pramila Jayapal, the first Indian-American woman elected to Congress. She succeeded 28-year incumbent and fellow Democrat Jim McDermott.³⁴³ Part of southeastern Seattle is in the 9th congressional district,³⁴⁴ represented by Democrat Adam Smith since 1997.³⁴⁵ The border between the two districts follows the Tukwila city limits around Boeing Field, Interstate 5, South Dearborn Street, 4th Avenue South, James Street, Madison Street, East Union Street, Martin Luther King Jr. Way, and East Yesler Way.³⁴⁶

Education

Main article: Education in Seattle

Further information: List of libraries in Seattle and Seattle Public Schools

Of the city's population over the age of 25, 53.8% (vs. a national average of 27.4%) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 91.9% (vs. 84.5% nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent. A 2008 United States Census Bureau survey showed that Seattle had the highest percentage of college and university graduates of any major U.S. city.³⁴⁷ The city was listed as the most literate of the country's 69 largest cities in 2005 and 2006, the second most literate in 2007 and the most literate in 2008 in studies conducted by Central Connecticut State University.³⁴⁸

Seattle Public Schools is the school district for the vast majority of the city.³⁴⁹ The school district desegregated without a court order³⁵⁰ but still struggles to achieve racial balance in a somewhat ethnically divided city (the south part of town having more ethnic minorities than the north).³⁵¹ In 2007, Seattle's racial tie-breaking system was struck down by the United States Supreme Court, but the ruling left the door open for desegregation formulae based on other indicators (e.g., income or socioeconomic class).³⁵² A small portion of the city's Delridge neighborhood lies within the boundaries of the Highline School District.³⁵³

The public school system is supplemented by a moderate number of private schools: Five of the private high schools are Catholic, one is Lutheran, and six are secular.³⁵⁴

Seattle is home to the University of Washington and its professional and continuing education unit, the University of Washington Continuum College. In 2017, U.S. News & World Report ranked the University of Washington eleventh in the world.³⁵⁵ The UW receives more federal research and development funding than any public institution. Over the last 10 years, it has also produced more Peace Corps volunteers than any other U.S. university.³⁵⁶

Seattle also has a number of smaller private universities, including Seattle University and Seattle Pacific University, the former a Jesuit Catholic institution, the latter a Free Methodist institution. The Seattle Colleges District operates three colleges: North Seattle College, Seattle Central College, and South Seattle College. Universities aimed at the working adult are the City University and Antioch University. Seminaries include Western Seminary and a number of arts colleges, such as Cornish College of the Arts, Pratt Fine Arts Center. In 2001, Time magazine selected Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year, saying that the school "pushes diverse students to work together in small teams."³⁵⁷

Media

Main article: Media in Seattle

The Seattle Times is the lone daily newspaper in the city and was founded in 1896; it is one of the few remaining family-owned major newspapers in the United States.³⁵⁸ The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, known as the P-I, published a daily newspaper from 1863 to March 17, 2009, before switching to a strictly online publication.³⁵⁹ Other daily newspapers in the city include the business publication Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce and the University of Washington's student-run newspaper The Daily.³⁶⁰ The most prominent weeklies are the Seattle Weekly and The Stranger; both consider themselves "alternative" papers.³⁶¹ The weekly LGBT newspaper is the Seattle Gay News. Real Change is a weekly street newspaper that is sold mainly by homeless persons as an alternative to panhandling. There are also several ethnic newspapers, including The Facts, Northwest Asian Weekly and the International Examiner. Several Seattle neighborhoods had weekly publications, including the Ballard News-Tribune, Capitol Hill Times, and West Seattle Herald, that were shut down in the early 21st century; hyperlocal neighborhood blogs have emerged as an alternative to these weeklies.³⁶²

Seattle is also well served by television and radio, with all major U.S. networks represented, along with at least five other English-language stations and two Spanish-language stations.³⁶³ Seattle cable viewers also receive CBUT 2 (CBC) from Vancouver, British Columbia.

Non-commercial radio stations include NPR affiliates KUOW-FM 94.9 and KNKX 88.5 (Tacoma), as well as classical music station KING-FM 98.1. Other non-commercial stations include KEXP-FM 90.3 (affiliated with the UW), community radio KBCS-FM 91.3 (affiliated with Bellevue College), and high school radio KNHC-FM 89.5, which broadcasts an electronic dance music radio format, is owned by the public school system and operated by students of Nathan Hale High School. Many Seattle radio stations are available through Internet radio, with KEXP in particular being a pioneer of Internet radio.³⁶⁴ Seattle also has numerous commercial radio stations. In a March 2012 report by the consumer research firm Arbitron, the top FM stations were KRWM (adult contemporary format), KIRO-FM (news/talk), and KISW (active rock) while the top AM stations were KOMO (all news), KJR (AM) (all sports), KIRO (AM) (all sports).³⁶⁵

Infrastructure

Health systems

Main article: Medical facilities of Seattle

The University of Washington is consistently ranked among the country's leading institutions in medical research, earning special merits for programs in neurology and neurosurgery. The university-run UW Medicine system encompasses several major local hospitals, including Harborview Medical Center, the public county hospital and the only Level I trauma hospital for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho.³⁶⁶ Harborview and two other major hospitals—Virginia Mason Medical Center and Swedish Medical Center—are located on First Hill, which is nicknamed "Pill Hill" for its concentration of medical facilities.³⁶⁷

Located in the Laurelhurst neighborhood, Seattle Children's, formerly Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, is the pediatric referral center for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has a campus in the Eastlake neighborhood. The University District is home to the University of Washington Medical Center which, along with Harborview, is operated by the University of Washington. Seattle is also served by a Veterans Affairs hospital on Beacon Hill, a third campus of Swedish in Ballard, and UW Medical Center - Northwest near Northgate Station.³⁶⁸

Seattle has seen local developments of modern paramedic services with the establishment of Medic One in 1970.³⁶⁹ In 1974, a 60 Minutes story on the success of the then four-year-old Medic One paramedic system called Seattle "the best place in the world to have a heart attack."³⁷⁰ The city also has several pharmacy chains; these include Bartell Drugs, which was family-run in Seattle until its acquisition by Rite Aid in 2020. As of 2024, Seattle lacks a 24-hour retail pharmacy due to the closure of locations across several chains.³⁷¹³⁷²

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Seattle

Further information: Street layout of Seattle

See also: List of bridges in Seattle

The first streetcars appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines. The advent of the automobile began the dismantling of rail in Seattle. Tacoma–Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett–Seattle service came to an end in 1939, replaced by automobiles running on the recently developed highway system. Rails on city streets were paved over or removed, and the opening of the Seattle trolleybus system brought the end of streetcars in Seattle in 1941. This left an extensive network of privately owned buses (later public) as the only mass transit within the city and throughout the region.³⁷³

King County Metro provides regular bus service in the city and county, and the South Lake Union Streetcar line and the First Hill Streetcar line.³⁷⁴ Seattle is one of the few cities in North America whose bus fleet includes electric trolleybuses. Sound Transit provides an express bus service within the metropolitan area, two Sounder commuter rail lines between the suburbs and downtown, and its 1 Line light rail line between Northgate and Angle Lake.³⁷⁵³⁷⁶ Washington State Ferries, which manages the largest network of ferries in the United States and third-largest in the world, connects Seattle to Bainbridge and Vashon Islands in Puget Sound and to Bremerton and Southworth on the Kitsap Peninsula.³⁷⁷ King Street Station in Pioneer Square serves Amtrak intercity trains and Sounder commuter trains, and is located adjacent to the International District/Chinatown light rail station.³⁷⁸

According to the 2007 American Community Survey, 18.6% of Seattle residents used one of the three public transit systems that serve the city, giving it the highest transit ridership of all major cities without heavy or light rail prior to the completion of Sound Transit's 1 Line.³⁷⁹ The city has also been described by Bert Sperling as the fourth most walkable U.S. city and by Walk Score as the sixth most walkable of the fifty largest U.S. cities.³⁸⁰³⁸¹

Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, locally known as Sea-Tac Airport and located just south in the neighboring city of SeaTac, is operated by the Port of Seattle and provides commercial air service to destinations throughout the world. Closer to downtown, Boeing Field is used for general aviation, cargo flights, and testing/delivery of Boeing airliners. A secondary passenger airport, Paine Field, opened in 2019 and is located in Everett, 25 miles (40 km) north of Seattle. It is predominantly used by Boeing and their large assembly plant located nearby.³⁸²³⁸³

The main mode of transportation, however, is the street system, which is laid out in a cardinal directions grid pattern, except in the central business district where early city leaders Arthur Denny and Carson Boren insisted on orienting the plats relative to the shoreline rather than to true north.³⁸⁴ The city's topography, formed by the recession of glaciers, created north–south troughs that did not allow east–west streets to be continuous;³⁸⁵ only Madison Street runs uninterrupted from Elliott Bay to Lake Washington.³⁸⁶ Only two roads, Interstate 5 and State Route 99 (both limited-access highways) run uninterrupted through the city from north to south. From 1953 to 2019, State Route 99 ran through downtown Seattle on the Alaskan Way Viaduct, an elevated freeway on the waterfront. However, due to damage sustained during the 2001 Nisqually earthquake the viaduct was replaced by a tunnel. The 2-mile (3.2 km) Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel was originally scheduled to be completed in December 2015 at a cost of US$4.25 billion. The world's largest tunnel boring machine, named "Bertha", was commissioned for the project, measuring 57 feet (17 m) in diameter. The tunnel's opening was delayed to February 2019 due to issues with the machine, which included a two-year halt in excavation.³⁸⁷ Seattle has the 8th-worst traffic congestion of all American cities, and ranks 10th among all North American cities according to Inrix.³⁸⁸

The city has started moving away from the automobile and toward mass transit. From 2004 to 2009, the annual number of unlinked public transportation trips increased by approximately 21%.³⁸⁹ In 2006, voters in King County passed the Transit Now proposition, which increased bus service hours on high ridership routes and paid for five limited-stop bus lines called RapidRide.³⁹⁰ After rejecting a roads and transit measure in 2007, Seattle-area voters passed a transit only measure in 2008 to increase ST Express bus service, extend the Link light rail system, and expand and improve Sounder commuter rail service.³⁹¹

A Link light rail line (now the 1 Line) from downtown heading south to Sea-Tac Airport began service in 2009, giving the city its first rapid transit line with intermediate stations within the city limits. The line was first extended north to the University of Washington in March 2016,³⁹² followed by Northgate in October 2021,³⁹³ and Lynnwood in August 2024.³⁹⁴ A second line, the 2 Line opened in April 2024 between Bellevue and Redmond; it is planned to be extended into Seattle via the Interstate 90 floating bridge in late 2025.³⁹⁵ Voters in the Puget Sound region approved an additional tax increase, part of the Sound Transit 3 package, in November 2016 to expand light rail to West Seattle and Ballard as well as Tacoma, Everett, and Issaquah.³⁹⁶

Seattle has two public scooter and bicycle-sharing systems. These privately-owned systems with city partnerships are maintained by Bird and Lime. In one system, bikes with gears were chosen for Seattle's hilly terrain.³⁹⁷ Later developments included using exclusively e-bikes and e-scooters. Docked bike share first came to Seattle in 2014 with the now-defunct Pronto Cycle Share. Both currently operating systems as of 2025 are dockless, allowing unlocking and parking in more areas. A city-operated site tracks ridership.³⁹⁸ In 2024, Seattlelites took over 6.3 million trips by bike-share, prompting Hayden Harvey, Lime's director of government relations to say “This year Seattle truly became one of the great micromobility cities in the entire world..."³⁹⁹

Utilities

Main article: Utilities of Seattle

Water and electric power are municipal services, provided by Seattle Public Utilities and Seattle City Light, respectively.⁴⁰⁰ Private utility companies serving Seattle include Puget Sound Energy, which has 150,000 natural gas customers in the city,⁴⁰¹ and Seattle Steam Company, which has a district heating system in Downtown Seattle powered by several steam plants.⁴⁰² Curbside solid waste, recycling, and composting pickup is outsourced by Seattle Public Utilities to Waste Management, Inc and Recology. Non-garbage waste is processed by other companies;⁴⁰³ since 2015, curbside collection of food waste for composting in Seattle has been mandatory to offer to all households.⁴⁰⁴

Lumen Technologies (formerly CenturyLink),⁴⁰⁵ Astound Broadband (formerly Wave Broadband),⁴⁰⁶ and Comcast are the primary providers of telephone, cable television, and Internet service in the city.⁴⁰⁷ CenturyLink stopped providing cable television service in 2021.⁴⁰⁸

As of 2023, at least 88% of Seattle's electricity is produced using hydropower, with less than 40% of the hydroelectricity acquired via the Bonneville Power Administration. The remaining known electricity sources consist of wind power, nuclear power, and biogas; less than 2% comes from an unidentified source.⁴⁰⁹ Seattle Public Utilities manages two tap water supply systems on the Cedar River and Tolt River.⁴¹⁰ These systems are fed by melted snowpack in the Cascade Mountains over the autumn and winter that fill reservoirs as they melt.⁴¹¹ The city's wastewater system includes 1,422 miles (2,288 km) of sewers that reach treatment plants that discharge into Puget Sound; a 485-mile (781 km) network of separate tunnels for stormwater serve other treatment facilities.⁴¹² Older areas of the city have a combined sewer system that dumps stormwater and untreated wastewater into Puget Sound during overflow events.⁴¹³

Crime

In 2023, Seattle had 5,000 violent crimes, and from 2013 to 2018 there was a slow increase in crimes, however it dipped in 2020, before spiking up again in 2021 and 2022. As of 2023 the city has a violent crime rate of 683 per 100,000 people, and 5,174 property crimes per 100,000 people.⁴¹⁴

Overall crimes per capita in Seattle decreased slightly during the beginning of the 21st century. While the total number of crimes rose, the population of the city⁴¹⁵ grew faster. For the data below, per-capita estimates yield the following: 6744 crimes per 100,000 people for the period of 2008–2009, 6725 crimes per 100,000 people for the period of 2010-2019, and 6325 crimes per 100,000 people for the period of 2020–2024.⁴¹⁶ These percentages are overestimates due to the sample rate of the census: city crime statistics are updated yearly, but city population figures are only updated once per decade.

International relations

Seattle has the following sister cities:⁴¹⁸

• Beersheba, Israel
• Bergen, Norway
• Cebu City, Philippines
• Chongqing, China
• Christchurch, New Zealand
• Daejeon, South Korea
• Galway, Ireland
• Gdynia, Poland
• Haiphong, Vietnam
• Kaohsiung, Taiwan
• Kobe, Japan
• Limbe, Cameroon
• Mombasa, Kenya
• Nantes, France
• Pécs, Hungary
• Perugia, Italy
• Reykjavík, Iceland
• Sihanoukville, Cambodia
• Surabaya, Indonesia
• Tashkent, Uzbekistan⁴¹⁹

See also

• List of people from Seattle
• List of television shows set in Seattle
• USS Seattle—two ships
• List of songs about Seattle

Notes

Bibliography

• Jones, Nard (1972). Seattle. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-01875-3.
• Morgan, Murray (1982) [1951]. Skid Road: an Informal Portrait of Seattle (revised and updated, first illustrated ed.). Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-95846-0.
• Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, ed. (1998) [1994]. Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-97366-1.
• Sale, Roger (1976). Seattle: Past to Present. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-95615-2.
• Speidel, William C. (1978). Doc Maynard: The Man Who Invented Seattle. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 196–197, 200. ISBN 978-0-914890-02-7.
• Speidel, William C. (1967). Sons of the profits; or, There's no business like grow business: the Seattle story, 1851–1901. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 196–197, 200. ISBN 978-0-914890-00-3.

Further reading

• Klingle, Matthew (2007). Emerald City: An Environmental History of Seattle. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11641-0.
• MacGibbon, Elma (1904). "Seattle, the city of destiny" (DJVU). Leaves of knowledge. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection. Shaw & Borden. OCLC 61326250.
• Pierce, J. Kingston (2003). Eccentric Seattle: Pillars and Pariahs Who Made the City Not Such a Boring Place After All. Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87422-269-2.
• Sanders, Jeffrey Craig. Seattle and the Roots of Urban Sustainability: Inventing Ecotopia (University of Pittsburgh Press; 2010) 288 pages; the rise of environmental activism

External links

• Official website
• Historylink.org, history of Seattle and Washington
• Seattle Photographs from the University of Washington Digital Collections
• Seattle Historic Photograph Collection from the Seattle Public Library Archived October 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
• Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project
• Seattle, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary

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416. These figures are not an accurate reflection of the actual rate of criminality; repeat offenders will further reduce these rates. ↩

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